Chapter 1 : Instrumentation laboratory

1.1.Miroscopes

1.2.Slides, test tubes and petridishes

1.3.Dyes and other indicators

1.4.Forceps, probes and scalpels

1.5. Beakers, flasks and burners

1.6.Errors, precision and accuracy

1.7.Significant figures

1.8. Precision and accuracy

1.9. Further Reading

Review questions

Chapter 2: Units of measurement

2.1. Metric system

2.2. Conversion of units

2.3. Units used in preparation of solution

          i) Standard solutions

          ii) Molar solutions

          iii) Molal solutions

          iv) Normal solutions

2.4. Units used in laboratory calculations

          i) Weight relationship of hydrated and unhydrated salts

          ii) Conversion of solution strength

            iii) Photo metric calculations

           iv) Titrimetric analysis

2.5. Further reading

Review Questions

Chapter 3: Microscopy

3.1. Historical developments

3.2. Types of microscopes

3.2.1. Simple microscope

3.2.2. Compound microscope

3.2. 3. Bright field microscope

3.2.4. Dark field microscope

3.2.5. Phasecontrast microscope

3.2.6. Fluorescence microscope

3.2.7.. Transmission Electron microscope

3.2.8. Scanning electron microscope

3.2.9. Scanning probe microscope

3.2.10. Scanning tunneling microscope

3.2. 11. Confocal microscope

3.2.12. Atomic force microscope

3.2.13. Electro chemical scanning tunneling microscope

3.2.14. Polarising photomicrography microscope

3.2.15. Interference microscope

3.2.16. Further reading

Review Questions

Chapter 4: Balance

4.1.   Physical Balance

i) Triple beam single pan balance

ii) Double pan balance

4.2.   Analytical Balance

          i)  Double pan balance

          ii) Single pan balance

4.3.   Methods of weighing

4.4.   Maintenance of balance

4.5.   Further reading

Review Questions

Chapter 5: Techniques in Microbiology

5.1. Culture medium

5.1.1. Liquid Medium

5.1.2. Solid medium

5.2. Types of culture

          i) Streak culture or surface plating culture

          ii) Dawn or carpet culture

          iii) Streak culture

          iv) Stab culture

          v) Pour plate method

          vi) Sweep plate method

          vii) Methods in liquid medium

          viii) Anaerobic culture

                   a) Displacement of oxygen

                   b) By chemical method

5.2.1 Isolation of microorganisms

5.2.2. Isolation of genetically pure culture

5.3. Preservation of fungal culture

5.4. Microbial growth

5.4.1. Growth curve

5.4.2. Continuous culture

5.4.3. Synchronous growth

5.4.4. Measurement of growth

5.5. Sterilization and Disinfection

5.5.1. Physical

5.5.2. Chemical

5.5.3. Tests for disinfection

5.6. Principles of staining

5.6.1. Common staining techniques

5.6.2. Further Reading

Review Questions

Chapter 6: Cell and Tissue Culture

6.1. Plant Cell and Tissue culture

6.2. Animal Cell and Tissue Culture

6.3.Further Reading

Review Questions

Chapter- 7  BIOSENSORS

7.1. Components of on-line monitoring and control

7.2 . Biosensors

7.3. Categories of biosensor instruments

7.4 . Application of biosensors

7.5 Biosensors in fermentation technology

7.6. Further Reading

Review Questions

Chapter 8: Electrophoresis

8.1. Types of electrophoresis

8.1.1. Moving boundary electrophoresis

8.1.2. Zone electrophoresis

8.2.1. Support media

          i) Agar gel

          ii) Agarose gel

          iii) Starch gel

            iv) Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

8.3. Isoelectric focusing

8.4.. Two dimensional Polyacylamide electrophoresis

8.5. Continuous flow electrophoresis

8.6.  Pulse field gel electrophoresis

8.7.  Capillary electrophoresis

8.8. Immunoelectrophoresis

8.9. Detection, estimation and recovery of proteins from gels

8.10. Further reading

Review Questions

Chapter 9: Centrifugation

9.1 Principles of centrifugation

9.2 Types of centrifuges

9.2.1. Small bench centrifuge

9.2.2. Large refrigerator centrifuge

9.2.3.  High speed refrigerator centrifuge

9.2.4.  Ultra centrifuge

9.3.  Types of Rotors

          9.3.1 Ventricle tube Rotors

          9.3.2 Fixed angle Rotors

9.3.3 Swinging bucket Rotors

          9.3.4 Zonal Rotors

          9.3.5 Elutriator Rotors

9.4. Types of Centrifugations

          9.4.1 Analytical Centrifugation

          9.4.2 Preparative Centrifugation

9.5. Safety in the use of Centrifugation

9.6. Further reading

Review Questions

Chapter 10 pH and its measurement

10.1 Definitions

10.2 Determination of pH

10.3 Acids and bases

10.4 pH meter

10.5 Types of pH meters

10.6 Buffers and their importance

10.7 Care of pH meter

10.8. Further Reading

Review Questions

Chapter 11 Techniques in radiation biology

11.1 Radioisotopes

11.2 Dosimetry

11.3 Radio isotopic techniques

11.4 Isotope dilution technique

11.5 Radio dating

11.6 Radioactive tracer technique

11.7 Radio immunoassay (RIA)

11.8. Detection and measurement of radioactivity

          11.8.1 Fountain-pen Dosimeter

          11.8.2. Geiger-Muller Counter

          11.8.3. Scintillation – Counter

          11.8.4. Cerenkov counting

          11.8.5. Auto radiography

11.9. Safety in the radiation laboratory

11.10. Further Reading

Review Questions

Chapter 12 Spectroscopy

12.1 Electromagnetic radiation

          12.1.2. Electromagnetic spectrum

12.2. Colorimetry

12.3. Spectrophotometery

12.4. UV-VIS spectroscopy

12.5. Flame photometry

12.6. Nephelometry and turbidimetry

12.7. Flouimetery and phosphometry

12.8. Infrared spectrophotometry

12.9. Raman spectroscopy

12.10. Electron spin Resonance spectroscopy (ESR)

12.11. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

12.12. Atomic Emission spectroscopy

12.13. Atomic Absorption spectroscopy

12.14. Further Reading

Review Questions

Chapter 13 Chromatography

13.1. Classification of chromatography

13.2. Paper chromatography

13.3. TLC chromatography

13.4  Column chromatography

13.5. Absorption chromatography

13.6. Ion exchange chromatography

13.7. Liquid – Liquid Chromatography

13.8. Gas chromatography

13.9. HPLC

13.10. Immunoelectrophoresis

13.11. Gel permeation chromatography

13.12. Affinity chromatography

13.13. Selectivity of chromatography

13.14. Further Reading

Review Questions

Chapter 14 Manometer and Polarimeter

14.1. Manometry

i) Glson Constant Pressure manometer

ii) Piezometer tube manometer

iii) U-Tube manometer

14.2. Polarimetry

i) Principle

ii) Construction of Polarimeter

iii) Applications

14.3. Further Reading

Review Questions

Chapter 15 Protein sequencing

15.1. Amino acids

15.2. Reaction of α-amino acids

15.3. Synthesis of α-amino acids

15.4. Levels of structure

15.5. Amino acids composition

15.6. Sequencing

15.7. Protein sequencing by mass

15.8. Further reading

Review Questions

Chapter 16 Polymerase

16.1. Procedure

16.2. Types of PCR

16.3. Real time PCR

16.4. Touch down PCR

16.5. Applications of PCR

16.6. Human health and human genome projects

16.7. Further reading

Review questions

Chapter 17 Genetic Engineering

17.1. Types of vectors

17.2. Cloning genes

17.3. Site specific mutagenesis

17.4. Detection of hereditary diseases

17.5. Further reading

Review Questions

Chapter 18 Bioinformatics

18.1. Genome analysis

18.2. Gene prediction software

18.3. Protein folding

18.4. Metabolomics

18.5. Basic local alignment tools (BLAST)

18.6. Multiple sequence alignment tools

18.7. Secondary databases

18.8. Protein databases (Amino acid sequence)

18.9. Applications of Bioinformatics

18.10. Further reading

Review Questions